Gender Identity Essay

Blonde hair, blue eyes, long legs, the perfect 10; Barbie. Barbie was the top selling doll for girl’s ages seven to thirteen from 1959 to 2006. This fashion diva has gone to Hawaii, has many different looks, a mansion, and a number of different vehicles. While Barbie has everything she could ever want, what does she teach our children? Little girls want to be perfect, like Barbie, a nearly unachievable goal. It lowers their self-worth and sets unrealistic standards. Because of this, some countries are restricting the sales of the dolls and even with the new advancement’s Mattel has made to improve Barbie’s â€Å"aura† so-to-speak, there is still a very prominent suggestive gender orientation; such roles now include, architect, computer designer, veterinarian, teacher, pastry chef, and female sports. Barbie dolls influence very stereotypical gender roles when developing gender identity; these toys teach that girls are to be tall, thin, pretty house wives an d caregivers. When children strive for unrealistic perfection it lowers their self-image and confidence. As stated; Barbie is the model of perfection. Barbie has negative influence on young girls, and makes then self-conscious about their physical appearance because of Barbie’s unrealistic body features. Girls aspire to be very thin, like Barbie. This leads to eating disorders at a young age and causes long term psychological harm. In Australia, there is a cosmetic procedure known as â€Å"The Barbie Treatment† It’s main patients are girls between the ages of 16 and 20. This unrealistic ideality of what a woman should look like creates self-loathing in girls who are perfect in their own way because they are less than the Barbie standard. World-wide, people are noticing the effects Barbie has on its children. From the UK to Australia to our very own United States, scholars and doctors have been studding the impact Barbie may have on their youth. Iran has banned Barbie dolls bec ause of the impact it’s having on their young girls. Barbie also sets a standard of â€Å"good house wifery† and vanity. The most popular Barbie dolls include Malibu Barbie, Barbie’s Home Kitchen and Beauty Shop Barbie; the perfect recipe for a perfect bimbo. Now – a – days, there are so many things women are capable of! It is truly disappointing to see that Barbie has such gender-specific roles in the past. Mattel has tried â€Å"upping the ante† so-to-speak by introducing new Barbie’s  with little to no success. In 2008, Mattel introduced its new Barbie Line: I can B. This introduced many different careers for Barbie. Architect, computer designer, veterinarian, teacher, pastry chef, and female Olympic Sports are her newest trends. While that’s all well-and-good, the roles are still gender oriented. All of them are care-giver roles. There is now a Facebook page for Barbie to â€Å"redeem† herself; this petition is asking Mattel to make bald Barbie’s and donate a percentage of the profit to research for childhood cancers. After 2 years and snide comments from the toy maker, news is they are finally in the planning stages for Barbie’s Bald Friend. Do we really want our children to believe that they are less than perfect the way they are? That they must be thin to be loved and appreciated? Should our young girls all just assume that the only role a woman has is to be pretty and take care of others? All people were created equal – not plastic. Society is morphed our ideology of a perfect ten from the Barbie standards. 12 year old children are considering cosmetic surgery – plastic surgery. Toys are meant to be played with – a child’s psyche is not.

What Are the Problems That Wal-Mart Has Faced, and What Has the Company Done to Address Them

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. , is an icon of American business. From small-town business to multinational, from hugely controversial to a leader in renewable energy, Wal-Mart has long been a lightning rod for news and criticism. With 2008 sales of over $405. 6 billion and more than two million employees worldwide, the world’s largest public corporation must carefully manage many different stakeholder relationships. It is a challenge that has sparked significant debate.Although Wal-Mart reportedly can save the average family $3,200 annually, the company has historically received plenty of criticism regarding its treatment of employees, suppliers, and economic impacts on communities. Feminists, activists, and labor union leaders have all voiced their beliefs that Wal-Mart has engaged in misconduct in order to provide low prices. However, Wal-Mart has been turning over a new leaf. New emphases on diversity, charitable giving, and sustainability have contributed to Wal-Mart’s revi talized image.The story of Wal-Mart and its low prices includes both positive and negative impacts on society. Positively, Wal-Mart reportedly saves consumers over $287 billion annually, equating to about $950 per person. On the flip side, research shows that communities can be negatively impacted by Wal-Mart’s arrival in their areas. This analysis attempts to show both sides of the controversy. It begins by briefly examining the growth of Wal-Mart, and then discusses Wal-Mart’s various relationships with its stakeholders, including competitors, suppliers, and employees.Some of the ethical issues concerning these stakeholders include accusations of discrimination, illegal immigration issues, and leadership misconduct as demonstrated by Wal-Mart former vice chair Thomas Coughlin. Yet, in an effort to show Wal-Mart’s attempts to position itself as a socially responsible company, this case also examines Wal-Mart’s sustainability plans, its ethical initiative s, and former CEO Lee Scott’s impressive leadership qualities. The analysis concludes by highlighting Wal-Mart’s strategy during the most recent recession and recovery.

Oxidation of Benzoin and Rearrangement of Benzil to Produce Benzilic Acid Essay

The objective of the lab was to produce benzilic acid from benzoin. Benzoin was successfully oxidized with nitric acid to form benzil. The percent yield of benzil was 59.26% and the melting point range was 94.1-95.5Â °C. The literature melting point of pure benzil is 95Â °C, which indicates the correct product was obtained. Benzil was then rearranged using potassium hydroxide to form benzilic acid. The percent yield of benzilic acid was 57.94% and the melting point range was 147.9-149.8Â °C. The literature melting point of pure benzilic acid is 150Â °C; this also indicates that the correct product was isolated. Crude products were formed through crystallization and then recrystallized to obtain pure products. Melting points were taken of each product to prove its identity. Introduction The purpose of the experiment was to create benzilic acid from benzoin. This reaction would occur in a two-step process of oxidation of a ÃŽ ±-hydroxyketone to form the ÃŽ ±-diketone, benzil. Then, a rearrangement would occur to form the ÃŽ ±-hydroxyacid, benzilic acid. Benzoin is an organic compound consisting of an ethylene bridge bound to phenyl groups and with hydroxyl and ketone functional groups. The nitric acid would readily oxidize benzoin to benzil, a diketone, itself would reduced to nitrous acid, which would decompose to oxides of nitrogen and water. Additional water was added after the initial reaction to act as a base and facilitate removal of the hydrogen on the carbon that initially held the hydroxyl functional group. This indicated the removal of NO2, and generated the carbonyl to complete the oxidation. The conversion of benzil, an ÃŽ ±-diketone, into the salt of ÃŽ ±-hydroxyacid by means of base treatment is generally referred to as the benzilic acid rearrangement. As potassium hydroxide was added to benzil, the stable salt, potassium benzilate, was formed. The salt was acidified by the addition of hydrochloric acid until the pH of the solution became acidic and solid benzilic acid precipitated. The ability to be able to produce benzilic acid is vital. Benzilic acid is used in organic synthesis as a base point for preparation of glycolate pharmaceuticals. After the oxidation of benzoin, the melting point characteristic of the product would prove that the benzil was produced. If the melting point range were narrow, it would indicate that few impurities existed in the benzil product. Again, after the rearrangement of benzil, a melting point would be taken to prove that benzilic acid was produced and how pure the final product was. Crystallization through ice bath is important in this process, so that the solid crystal product could be obtained as a precipitate from the reaction solution. After the crystals are obtained, it is important to recrystallize to remove impurities. This allows the most accurate and precise melting point to be taken of the product and also gives the most accurate percent yield of the product, without impurity being weighed into the final product. To avoid errors, it would be best to make sure the benzil produced in the first step had a narrow melting point range. If the benzil contained many impurities, it would most likely produce inaccuracies in the next step of the process when benzil was rearranged to benzilic acid. Procedure 0.30 grams benzoin, 1.5 mL of concentrated nitric acid, and a spin vane were placed into a 5-mL conical vial with an attached air condenser. The mixture was heated in a 70Â °C water bath for approximately 90 minutes, while being stirred, until the red nitrogen oxide gases were no longer present in the air condenser. Afterwards, the mixture was removed from heat and transferred into a beaker that contained 4 mL of ice-cold water. The mixture was cooled in an ice bath and then crystals were collected by vacuum filtration using a Hirsch funnel and rinsed with cold nitric acid. The dried crystals were then recrystallized using 95% ethanol. The pure benzil product was weighed and a melting point was taken. Then, 0.100 grams of pure benzil, 0.30 mL of 95% ethanol, and a spin vane was placed into a 3-mL conical vial with an attached air condenser. The mixture was heated with an aluminum block at 100Â °C, while being stirred, until all the benzil had dissolved. Using a pipet, 0.25 mL of an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution was added drop wise into the conical vial through the air condenser. The mixture was boiled at 110Â °C while being stirred for approximately 15 minutes and the reaction mixture changed from deep blue-black to brown in color. The vial was removed from heat and allowed to cool to room temperature. The mixture was crystallized in an ice bath and the crystals were collected over a Hirsch funnel using vacuum filtration and rinsed with ice-cold 95% ethanol. The solid crystals were transferred to a 10-mL Erlenmeyer flask that contained 3 mL of 70Â °C water. The flask was swirled while 0.50 mL of 1 M hydrochloric acid was added to the flask. With each drop added a white precipitate formed immediately. The solution was checked to have a pH of 2, if it was not, more acid was added to the flask. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and then cooled in an ice bath. The crystals were collected by vacuum filtration using a Hirsch funnel and rinsed with ice-cold water. The pure benzilic acid crystals were weighed and a melting point was obtained.

Business Plan, Which Is Bringing Body Implants To the Mass Market Essay

Business Plan, Which Is Bringing Body Implants To the Mass Market - Essay Example The present research has identified that biohacking has emerged as a successful business for the development of non-institutional technology and science. Tattoo studios form a part of biohacking business. With the advent of biohacker movement, the grinders have found simple ways for reimaging the development of human beings. The first case was that of a tiny magnet that was inserted in fingertips by making a small opening. As the trend for biohacker business popped up, many activities were encouraged as a part of biohacking business like the operation of the DIY kitchen, usage of knife or razor blade, rubbing ice cubes for numbing the surface of the skin and rubbing alcohol. Over the years magnets are also offered by a number of body modification artists which formed a type of body piercing. It has been noticed that there are thousands of individuals worldwide who have undergone body implantation. A member of Grindhouse, Olive Webb, has implanted the magnet in the earlier days of the invention. She was able to lift a paper clip by simply touching it with her finger. The magnet made her feel the electromagnetic fields which seemed to be her sixth sense. She could not explain the particular feeling of possessing a microwave in her body. It cannot be understood until it is felt. This paper illustrates that the entrepreneurial friend has planned for carrying out a long-term business as he has studied the market thoroughly which identified that the particular business is at a boom. It also fetches a good amount of money. Thus he has planned for targeting female customers of 30-40 years of age who will be interested in implant tattoo. He will be getting a good customer base as the current fad favors the art of tattoo and every female has the desire to have the tattoo on any part of their body. Piercing and tattoo have been famous within the female group of customers as they love to make their look more attractive by undertaking various makeovers. However, the decisio n or the plan that is taken by him can be evaluated by examining the marketing environment, market segments and pricing of the services.

Software as a Service (SAAS) as It Pertains to Enterprise Architecture Essay

Software as a Service (SAAS) as It Pertains to Enterprise Architecture - Essay Example The concept and notion of architecture date back to the prehistoric times. Originating in the design and architecture domains, the concept has been invariably associated with the principles of structure, symmetry, functionality, and harmony. Rapid advances in technology during the 20th century gave an impetus to the development of new, enterprise architectures; the latter remain the most complex, challenging but nonetheless desirable elements of productive business functioning. The Software as a Service (SaaS) model marks a new stage in the evolution of enterprise architecture and paves the way for the smooth integration of various EA frameworks with the principal business operations and functions. In contemporary business environments, the choice of SaaS is justified by the need to consolidate IT applications and models and reduce the costs of IT management at all levels of organizational performance. It is through SaaS deployment that organizations can easily achieve the desired fu ture state of technologies where computing is integrally linked to communication, and seamless integration of technological efforts into end user-centered frameworks precipitates the creation and sustained usability of cost-efficient and flexible IT models. Software as a Service: A Brief Introduction Understanding the SaaS model is important for understanding its place and role in enterprise architectures (EA). â€Å"SaaS is software deployed as a hosted service and accessed over the Internet†. ... Software as a Service: A Brief Introduction Understanding the SaaS model is important for understanding its place and role in enterprise architectures (EA). â€Å"SaaS is software deployed as a hosted service and accessed over the Internet† (Carraro & Chong, 2006). Actually, it is due to the rapid expansion and accessibility of the Internet that SaaS is gradually becoming a fundamental ingredient of many enterprise architectures. Thousands of end-user organizations move to adopt SaaS frameworks and applications, in order to automate front and back-office business operations, enhance accessibility of data, and guarantee security of information (SaaS, 2011). The Software as a Service model is: Loosely coupled services and components – that SaaS avoids tight coupling characteristic of earlier models means that the framework has a potential to reduce the costs of maintenance and integration. Configuration over programming – the SaaS framework depends on smaller compo nents, which are coupled and shared to create business solutions based on minimal codes. Agnostic to databases – the choice of relevant databases is usually left to the needs of the SaaS provider. Agnostic to topologies – most enterprise architectures and computing topologies constantly involve, but the use of SaaS guarantees applicability, seamless integration, and deployment of various SaaS elements in any topology. GUI agnostic – enterprises using the SaaS frameworks have the free choice of GUI technologies, including performance and firewall issues, and makes it easier to integrate and design loosely coupled architecture elements, including Flex user interfaces. Agnostic to data sources – the SaaS

Walt Disney Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Walt Disney - Assignment Example The vision of Disney was to become the leading laboratory for media convergence and the alliance could facilitate Disney to achieve this vision by adopting the strategies which Jobs had adopted at Apple and Pixar such as boundary-busting energy and industry-shaking. Moreover, Disney is a nimble company and accepts innovative ideas however; still the company’s stock was about at the same level as it was decade ago. Therefore, alliance may influence the strategies of Disney more effective and it may help the company to make its future vision more realistic. How and to what extent is Disney’s new product planning initiatives likely to benefit from Job’s successes at Apple Computer? Jobs mentioned that he was lucky to have grown up with the industry and it actually helped to get successful at Apple and Pixar. Jobs’ successes at Apple Computer made the people to consider Jobs best at launching new products. The entrepreneurial zeal, industry knowledge, sheer ch arisma and intensity of Jobs can help Disney to pursue its new product planning initiatives more effectively. The secret weapon of Jobs to meld technical vision with a gut feel for what regular consumers want and then market in ways that make people want to be part of it, can help Disney to develop the new products which people want in digital media world.

Effectiveness of Senior Team Member and In-Depth Knowledge of the Essay

Effectiveness of Senior Team Member and In-Depth Knowledge of the Subject - Essay Example As it has been aforementioned that my role as a senior team member is very notable and important for the success of an entire team, in the same manner, the role and functions of other team members also play a crucial role in this regard. As a senior team member, I should be able to understand the potential, proficiencies, and skills of my team members so that I can effectively place them in the right order and can assign them the right duty and task which fits them the most. Furthermore, I should respect other team members and should expect the same from them. As a team, it is our foremost responsibility to understand that every individual and his role are equally important and that no one is assigned with an easy job or has been favored. Furthermore, I also need to check that all members of the team are performing their duties well and are following all the ethical and legal guidelines of prescribing, selling, and administration. It should be noted that prescribing someone is a serious and important issue. Although only authorized professionals are allowed to prescribe medicines, it is important that as a senior team member I should keep a check and balance on the procedures. A daily, weekly and monthly evaluation of the prescribing practices should be incorporated in the routine tasks as well as auditing and monitoring these practices. This will allow fewer chances of error and will ensure an effective and steady process of prescribing and other tasks. The presence of a code of ethics and conduct is made by the Ethics committee of â€Å"The British Psychological Society† (Cowden & Pullen-Sansfacon, 2014). They provide an insight to the educational, professional roles of Psychologists but they are not merely specific rules for psychologists but they are associated with certain principles that provide guidance on when to fulfill the demand of the patients and when it would be feasible to say no to them.

Describe in detail one developmental and one degenerative method of Essay

Describe in detail one developmental and one degenerative method of age determination in human skeletal remains. Then Describe i - Essay Example For example, some methods are more relevant to males and some to females. Actually, fforensic biology deals with various methods and techniques used for identification of age and sex of the skeletal remains. On the basis of the modern researches and studies it is evident that currently modern scientists are implementing the most accurate and efficient research methods in their studies. A field of forensic biology is not an exception and both degenerative and developmental methods, as well as their relevant application are considered further on. Part A Developmental method For example, such conditions as arthritis and osteoporosis can be prevalent in old age. Therefore, this type of conditions signifies old age of the remains of the skeleton. The age at death of a skeleton is the key feature in analysis of demographic characteristics of the skeleton. Age of dead individuals can be a key to their life, physical features, health, culture etc. Methods for age determination can depend on environment or a specific region. Widely-known methods, such as those used by Buikstra and Ubelaker’s and other researchers and scientists (1994) are focused on fusion of bone, which is a very important indicator. UK scientists and researchers underline the importance of dentition. Whereas Van der Merwe, Morris, Steyn, Maat underline that a special attention should be paid for fusion and degenerative features. These researchers pay their attention to the efficient and accurate practices and methods of age determination. Researchers and scientists are mainly dependent on microscopic determination of age. Age category determination depends on a certain community and its traditions of age determination. Scheuer and Black (2000) or Brickley and McKinley (2004) and many other modern researchers and scientists were focused on a detailed consideration about developmental osteology which is a very important resource for working and cooperation with infants or juveniles and their skel eton remains. Each skeletal element develops in accordance with its own scenario and each age stage. There are the following appropriate features and characteristics, which can be mentioned: â€Å"The complete fusion of all long-bone epiphyses, the eruption of the third molars, and fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (basilar suture) are all used as markers of adulthood† (Righter, 2002, p. 43). Developmental characteristics and methods are confirmed, because genetics and evolution can be identified in the process of developmental methods implementation. Bones, teeth and other features, which are appropriate for this method, are less sensitive to the environment. Age can be also determined in accordance with the following methods and techniques implemented: â€Å"For example, union of the mandible at the mandibular symphysis occurs between six and nine months, while development of the tympanic ring and its eventual fusion with the temporal bone, closure of the fontan elles, and fusion of the metopic suture all normally occur around two to three years of age† (Van der Merwe, Morris, Steyn, Maat). Therefore, developmental methods are mainly reliable on skeletal parts, which are less sensitive to the environment and many other external factors. Degenerative method From 20s the age of skeleton remains has been identified basing on the degenerative method. There were some changes in the

The Formation Of The US Constitution or The Shaded US Constitution Research Paper

The Formation Of The US Constitution or The Shaded US Constitution - Research Paper Example This essay discusses that another aspect of the argument of the federalists was to ensure that citizens were given equal rights and good protection. This was to ensure that the ordinary citizen could have a universal and inalienable right to information and access to challenging public institutions. This was the only way to ensure that citizens could play a role in safeguarding the running of the state. The US Constitution was borne out of the Article of Confederacy. This involved a series of ideal standards on how to run the newly-independent country which sought to protect the civil liberties and rights of citizens and avoid discrimination and other forms of challenges that were experienced under British Rule. Therefore, the architects of the constitution sought to promote the Bill of Rights which was to maintain the fundamental rights of citizens in the United States. In addition to that, the federalists maintained a set of arguments that promoted the institution of a two-tiered g overnment system that will ensure that the states maintained their sovereignty and also ceded part of it to the federal authority. This was also to be achieved through the institution of the Separation of Power.The Federalists argued for the two-tiered system as a means of protecting human rights through the institution of more checks and balances to ensure that the rights of citizens were protected. This is to avoid the mistakes of Britain and also eliminate anarchy by promoting transparency and inclusion by ordinary citizens of the country.

Strategic Management Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Management Analysis - Essay Example t PESTEL analysis is generally a tool that assists the organisations to make the strategies by helping them to comprehend the external environment where they operate now or might operate in the near future. PESTEL analysis will assist Thomas Cook in understanding its environment in which it operates and will assist them to build certain strategies in order to overcome the threats that it possesses (Renewal Associates, 2003). The head of the political system of Britain is a monarch. The three arms of the state as stated in the classical political theory are the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. There are three political parties in the UK system of politics namely the Labour Party, the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrat Party (Roger Darlington, 2010). The government of the UK doesn’t permits spending its money in countries abroad and prefers its citizens to spend their money in the UK itself and take their holidays in the UK instead of abroad in order to promote domestic tourism. This might have an adverse impact upon the Thomas Cook. The economic crisis of Greece had an adverse affect on the holiday booking in the country. In addition to this it was evident that the currency rate fluctuation also has an adverse impact upon the outbound as well as inbound tourist. The value of sterling or pound in opposition to another currency has an impact upon the cost of coming to the UK for the inbound tourists. The fluctuation of currency rates may affect the tourism in other ways as well. The tour operators may find out that the charges that have been decided with hoteliers as well as transporters in different nations might increase as well as decrease because of the ‘currency movements’. There has been a trend of accessing the internet and buying the necessary goods online in the UK. People of the UK love to listen to music and radio; and like to socialise by entertaining families and friends at home rather than going outside. They are more

Stem Cell Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Stem Cell Research - Essay Example ern, it is important to remember that stem cell research should not be used as just another tool in the long standing debate between science and religion. There are certainly plenty of other concerns in that genre. Stem cell research is a new and necessary technological advance that will help cure many previously incurable diseases and genetic defects. This research also adds more insight into the miracle that is this universe. The real debate here is between ethical principles that upon closer scrutiny may not be so far apart. What are stem cells? The general scientific definition is as follows, "Stem cells are self-renewing, non-differentiated cells with the ability to differentiate into a number of specialized phenotypes in response to appropriate signals." (Cai, Fu, & Sheng, 2007, p. 655) More simply stated, stem cells are the progenitor cells, the building blocks, of all the diverse cells in our bodies. Starting in the embryo, these cells are what scientist also call "undifferentiated." They have not yet begun the process of forming the myriad variety of differentiated cells that make up a human being. Skin cells, liver cells, kidney cells, etc. all start out as stem cells and then become differentiated into these individual types. This research has typically used embryos taken from fertility clinics before they are discarded. These embryos are allowed to continue to develop further until the stage when they form a hollow sphere called a blastocyst. The inner cell walls of this sphere have a small amount of stem cells attached to them. These cells are gently removed and harvested then placed in cultures with nurturing feeder cells. A protein rich broth is added and the cells begin to multiply. (Brown, 2007) These cells can then, hypothetically, be used to replace virtually any cell in the human body: Several human diseases result from the loss of specific types of cells. So far, medicines approach to treatment has been to replace the chemicals

Ultra Mobile PC’s Essay Example for Free

Ultra Mobile PC’s Essay Standard application This study asserts that UMPC’s can use any software integrated within the device and more especially when it comes to Windows XP and Vista. For example, businessmen can use Windows word, excel and power point application effectively without any problems. On the other hand, those users who are not able to use the available QWERTY keyboard can use the avainble USB port to connect to an external keyboard. UMPCs also have a touch sensitive screen, which can allow the use to fingers to prompt for information or even use pen calibration. In this manner, the user is able to keep a fast track of events may at class, in a business meeting or in cases of medics previewing patients and making quick notes on the touch screen. With the integration of various technologies which can integrate with windows XP and Vista software like Tablet Enhancements for Outlook (TEO) UMPC’s are able to maximize the use of captured data (Eisten technologies, 2004). The use of TEO allows, users to even edit their information with ease for increased efficiency. According to Eistein technologies the integration of TEO allows the users of UMPC’s to have; †¢ Convenient and more accurate handwriting recognition, which allows minimal mistakes if any. On the other hand one is able to convert their text when they want to according to their convenience. †¢ In using TEO, applications like PDA are easily recognized and applicable in UMPC’s. †¢ The use of TEO allows preview text to prompt the user of any unrecognized texts so that they can be corrected on time. †¢ TEO allows one to improve correction interfaces without much challenges compared to earlier versions. (Eisten technologies, 2004) With the use of TEO technology, the use of UMPC’s becomes more interesting and organized in all categories. For example, TEO can be applied in note taking and ensuring organized forms of data storage and accessibility (Eisten technologies, 2004). Interfacing to the Internet UMPC’s have higher compatibility of Internet interfacing. For example, users can apply the use of the available USB’s to connect to the Internet effectively. UMPC’s are modified for use with various forms of broadband technologies, which can allow people from different to interact through the Internet. On the other hand, businessmen can make connections through the Internet and save time and energy wasted in covering long distances by their clients. In many instances what matters with Internet interface in UMPC’s is the type of Internet subscriber used, and the effectiveness in service delivery. Studies show that one important feature in UMP’s comprise of their ability to have strong bases for browsing the internet (K. -W. Chin, et al, 2002). Conclusions and future predictions The following are some of the future predictions of this study; †¢ More studies should be carried to ensure more enhancements are made to UMPC’s †¢ Companies dealing with the UMPC technologies should come together and work in harmony for better results in modifying the existing forms of UMPC’s †¢ The target markets for UMPC’s should be the main drivers of modifications made in the UMPC devices so that companies can be able to make consumer quality goods in order to gain a competitive edge †¢ UMPC’s stand to be the next solution for commercial use and hence the need to ensure that they are treated with the seriousness that they deserve in the corporate and commercial world. Conclusion This study found out that UMPCs market and usability has greatly increased over the decades. UMPCs are currently viewed as the noble solutions to most challenges faced in commercial business for instance companies and hospital use. The effectiveness in information storage makes it easier even for hospitals to be able to store patient’s information and walk around with it, referring to it when the need arises. The medical sector which was most affected in terms of mobility of medical information stands to benefit greatly from the current use of the UMPC’s technologies. This study recommends that, mobile companies to come up with more significant milestones in the UMPC’s world should carry out more studies. Reference list Appear Networks. (2008). Appear Announces Support for Intel UMPC Devices. Retrieved on 27th December 2008 from www. appearnetworks. com/Appear-Announces-Support-for-Intel. html C. Barrett et al. (2002). â€Å"Characterizing the Interaction Between Routing and MAC Protocols in Ad-hoc Networks,† Proc. MobiHoc 2002 , pp. 92-103 C. Elliott B. Heile (2000) â€Å"Self-Organizing, Self-Healing Wireless Networks,† Proc. 2000 IEEE Intl Conf. on Personal Wireless Comm. , pp. 355-362. Eisten technologies. (2004). Tablet Enhancements for Outlook 2. 0. Retrieved on 27th December 2008 from http://www. tabletpcpost. com/modules. php? op=modloadname=Downloadsfile=indexreq=viewdownloaddetailslid=9ttitle=Tablet_Enhancements_for_Outlook_2.  0 J. Broch et al. (1998) â€Å"A Performance Comparison of Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols,† Proc. Mobicom 98. D. Cavin et al. (2002) â€Å"On the accuracy of MANET simulators,† Proc. ACM Workshop on Princ. Mobile Computing (POMC02), Oct. 2002, pp. 38-43. online K. -W. Chin, et al. (2002). â€Å"Implementation Experience with MANET Routing Protocols,† ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communications Review, Nov. 2002, pp. 49-59. Available online. M. S. Corson et al. (1999) â€Å"Internet-Based Mobile Ad Hoc Networking,† IEEE Internet Computing, pp. 63-70.

Sustainable Development Housing

Sustainable Development Housing Course title- Sustainable urban development and transport Essay title- Sustainable Housing â€Å"within the context of present day housing provision, Finance and economic factors in the UK† Housing is not just seen as somewhere to live. New housing can be a driver of urban regeneration. Decent housing stimulates both physical and economic improvement, and the resulting enhancements in turn fuel new investment and fresh opportunities as the urban environment once again becomes full of life and enterprise. The importance of housing is illustrated by the fact that some 80 per cent of all development relates to housing and because where we live conditions so much of our daily lives (Gilliam, 1997). At the moment, housing investment seems to be too low to satisfy the number of people in the United Kingdom in need of housing. There is a vicious circle of low investment and high prices which is eroding post-war gains in housing provision, leading to severe housing shortages. It is normally the lower income group who bear the consequences. The effects of climate change and the strategies for dealing with it will all manifest themselves in the places where we live and work. This is true regardless of the targets and timescales for environmental impacts we debate or the balance we strike between regulatory frameworks and fiscal incentives. As a result, strategic urban design, master planning and the management of buildings, spaces and places must be essential parts of any sustainable development or climate change strategy. A holistic approach is required which goes beyond measurement and calculations to consider the quality of places. . (http://www.cabe.org.uk/AssetLibrary/10661.pdf) This essay seeks to look at sustainable housing within the context for recent housing provision, finance, economic factors and housing construction in the UK. At present, there are about 22 million dwellings in the UK, many of which are substandard or in need of major refurbishment. Government research forecast that 4.4 million new households will be required over the 25 year period to 2015. These projections are the result of demographic and social trends. (B. Edgar, J. Taylor, 2000, pg 157) Some factors determine the availability of housing. Among these are finance and the performance of the construction industry. Housing investment during the 1980s and 1990s fluctuated in line with financial conditions as a whole. Before the early 1970s, investment in housing did not have direct links to the national fortunes. This helped to stabilise the economy. Without sustained investment and the reduced construction work force, house building during the boom period was crowded out by commercial building activity. It is frequently believed that investment in housing diverts resources away from growth creating investment. But historically, evidence in industrialised countries suggests otherwise; in the medium term, housing investment may actually increase national income through higher and more sustained employment within the sector. Housing investment therefore contributes to economic growth and stability. (Ball 2000,) The introduction of private finance into housing associations since the late 1980s has been quite successful, and commercial interest rates at which funds are being invested suggest that associations are as good a risk as many large well-diversified manufacturing firms. However, the long term position might be different. Many associations assume that rents will rise faster than inflation, which may well be optimistic in some parts of the country. Further more, a greater proportion of available housing association resources will have to be allocated to repairs in other to maintain standards and the asset value of the housing. The longer term viability of private investment in social housing is therefore fundamentally dependent on the wider government fiscal policy framework. What is Sustainable housing? Homes are the building blocks of our communities. They affect our health, our wealth, and our opportunities for happiness. For most of us a home is the biggest investment we will ever make, the biggest asset we will ever own. And housing is critical to Britains future the decisions we take today make a crucial difference to the lives of generations to come. â€Å"The term sustainable housing is used to describe housing which has been designed to increase the efficiency of water, energy and use of materials. Whilst reducing the impact of development upon the health of residents and the environment. Sustainable housing is therefore environmentally friendly and socially inclusive† (Garvin Chinniah, Kim Hoffman, and Kate Pasquale 2007, lecture notes for sustainable housing for BENVGTC5, sustainable urban development UCL seen on UCL. moodle on 29/11/07) Governments challenges. There are three key challenges facing the Government and the planning system in the provision of housing; †¢ Worsening affordability One of the consequences of a long-term under-supply of housing has been worsening affordability, with negative consequences for individuals and the wider economy. †¢ Land supply constraints One of the key constraints on housing delivery is land supply. The effective supply of appropriate land through the planning system is fundamental to the successful delivery of the Governments housing policies. †¢ Responding to the housing market At present the planning system tends not to take adequate account of information about the housing market. This contributes to under-supply of housing in some areas. The challenge to the government is to provide more homes for the demanding population. Housing supply has increased substantially in the last few years and is now at its highest level since the 1980s, but supply is still not keeping up with rising demand from our ageing, growing population While the housing stock is growing by 185,000 a year in the UK, the number of households is projected to grow at 223,000 a year, with many people living alone, due to this, the Government is now setting a new housing target for 2016 of 240,000 additional homes a year to meet the growing demand and address affordability issues. The level of housing supply needs to increase over time towards this target and the government believes that a total of three million new homes are needed by 2020, two million of them by 2016. (Yvette Cooper, housing green paper, 23/July 2007) The Housing Corporation is investing  £230 million to deliver around 6,300 homes in small towns and villages through its 2006-08 affordable housing programmes. Overall, completions of new affordable homes in rural local authority areas in 2005-2006 totalled 10,189 new homes or 23% of all new units of affordable housing supplied in England, similar to the proportion of people who live in these rural areas. The Government commissioned the Housing Corporation to lead a feasibility study over the summer 2007 to consider the case for a new time limited funding programme to help local organisations overcome local barriers to the provision of affordable homes in rural areas. (http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/housing/pdf/439986) ‘Mayor attacks councils over lack of affordable housing Ken Livingstone went into battle with two flagship conservative boroughs over affordable housing despite them being among the best in London for providing new homes. The Mayor has sough to name and shame wandsworth because of its low proportion of affordable homes and because it makes more properties available to key workers than low income families. He also attacked Hammersmith and Fulham for seeking to reduce its affordability targets from 65% to 40%- below the ‘aspirational 50% London benchmark, even though the council has provided a greater percentage of low cost homes than any other borough over a 3 year period. Hammersmith and Fulham has accused the Mayor of being obsessed with targets, claiming that its aims of increasing the overall supply of homes from 450 a year to between 600 and 650 will also mean more affordable properties , a minimum of 250 a year compared with its mayoral target of 225. The mayor wants half of all new developments in London to be â€Å"affordable† of these homes, 7 out of 10 should be for rent, and the remaining 3 available for purchase or part purchase in schemes normally favoured by key workers. Mr Livingstone believes that rented property is the only way of providing decent homes for the 60,000 homeless households in the capital and the 200 in temporary accommodation. A standard analysis of government house building figures shows that of the 27,578 homes completed in the capital in 2006/2007, only 7 boroughs exceeded their mayoral targets. A total of 722 homes were built in Wandsworth, almost hitting the mayors target for the borough of 745. It is not known how many of these properties were affordable, but between 2003-2004 and 2005-2006, 3,872 homes of all types were built in the borough of which 571 (15%) were affordable. But of these, only 257(6.6%) were for social rent. Mr Livingstone believes there should have been 1,355 such homes. Across the river, Hammersmith and Fulham has lead the way in affordable housing. Between 2003/2004 and 2005/2006, 955 homes 955 homes were built in the borough of which 782(82%) were affordable. It intends to help young Londoners get on the housing larder as those earning between  £20000 and  £50000/ year account for about 1 in 4 of its residents.† (Material extracted from the evening standard, Monday, 12 November, 2007, pg 9). New homes built, London, 2006/2007. Boroughs in London Homes Built Mayoral Target Barking and Dagenham 684 1,190 Barnet 377 2055 Bexley 212 345 Brent 632 1120 Bromley 484 485 Camden 378 595 City of London 2 90 Croydon 845 1100 Ealing 1325 915 Enfield 998 395 Greenwich 1134 2010 Hackney 420 1085 Ham and Fulham 202 450 Haringey 35 80 Harrow 320 400 Havering 650 535 Hillingdon 194 365 Hounslow 1556 445 Islington 743 1160 Kensington and Chelsea 139 350 Kingston 172 385 Lambeth 942 1100 Lewisham 463 975 Merton 646 370 Newham 471 3510 Redbridge 513 905 Richmond 298 270 Southwark 512 1630 Sutton 455 345 Tower Hamlets 1904 3150 Waltham Forest 394 665 Wandsworth 722 754 Westminster 242 680 Total 27578 30500 Source; Department for communities and local Government, Greater London Authority. Progress and challenges The government has made considerable progress since 1997, with a million more home owners, real improvements in the quality of social housing and a substantial reduction in homelessness. But with significant demographic change, fast-rising house prices and environmental challenges, it becomes important that we develop a new strategy towards housing over the years ahead to ensure that we have more homes and that they are greener and more affordable. The Government has always been committed to the quality of social housing. Since 1997,  £20 billion has been invested in making social homes decent for tenants. Since then the number of households living in non-decent social homes has fallen by more than a million; and over a million children have been lifted out of cold, damp and poor housing as a result. House building needs to increase further. As demand has grown faster than supply, house prices have risen. They have doubled in real terms over the last 10 years and nearly trebled in the last twenty years. House prices have risen more quickly than earnings in all regions. On average, lower quartile house prices are now more than seven times lower quartile earnings. This is not just a problem in the south. Affordability problems in the northern regions (Measured as the ratio of lower quartile house prices to earnings) have risen sharply since 1997. In some areas the ratio has more than doubled. For example in Warrington, affordability has worsened by 140% with the ratio reaching nearly eight times income in 2006. Rural communities also face particular challenges. http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/housing/pdf/439986 accessed 30/11/2007) Why design matters, The major need for people is abundant housing supply and improved affordability. But in meeting this challenge it is vital we create places and communities where people want to live and work. We need to build more homes and better homes. In the past, too many new developments have suffered from a lack of attention to quality, safety, energy efficiency, environmental impact or infrastructure. Subsequently, peoples quality of life suffered and the cost of repair and renewal was considerable. Good design is not just about how a place looks. It involves ensuring that housing is flexible and responsive to the changing needs of society, including meeting the needs of an ageing population, providing better access for wheelchair users and creating more family-sized units with adequate access for baby buggies and outdoor play space. The Commission on Integration and Cohesion once published evidence of the link between perceptions of cohesion and positive attitudes about physical spaces, and we know that well-designed places can make a significant contribution to reducing the risk of crime. And it has the capacity to speed delivery, as local people are more welcoming of well-designed schemes and recognise the positive benefits that new housing can bring to an area. Climate change as a consequence of greenhouse gas emissions is a reality, and there will be effects over the next 30 to 40 years which are unavoidable. The Kyoto targets set in 1997 for greenhouse gas reductions will not prevent climate change, and the UK Government has set a more exacting long-term goal to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 60% by 2050. Recent policy initiatives have emphasised the seriousness of climate change and shifted towards the achievement of significant carbon savings across a wide range of activities. Housing providers cannot simply design for todays climate. They must take account of changing climate circumstances, rising temperatures, increasing storm frequency, changing patterns of rainfall, and extremes of drought and flooding. (Scotlands sustainable development strategy link: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/SustainableDevelopment) highlights the importance of dwellings and neighbourhoods to improving quality of life and social cohesion. Safe, warm and dry homes are fundamental to social inclusion, better health, and reducing fuel poverty. Quality of life and social cohesion depend also on the location and quality of the local environment of our homes. The way we plan and develop our neighbourhoods makes a big difference to how communities look, feel and function. Building and maintaining our homes and neighbourhoods in a sustainable way also meets environmental objectives including cutting greenhouse gas emissions, reductions in pollution and the conservation of resources. The relationship between sustainability and housing is two-way. Incorporating principles of sustainability into housing development, maintenance and refurbishment will not only make a significant contribution to achieving general sustainability objectives, but will also improve the quality, durability and cost-effectiveness of our housing. A change of culture is needed so that there is a different approach to housing maintenance and development which places sustainability at centre stage. This should include the developers (whether registered social landlords or for-profit companies), builders and land use planners and also the tenants and owners. Sustainability objectives, such as the government target for reducing carbon emissions by 60% by 2050, will be achieved only if they are taken into account at all stages, from design through construction to long-term use, maintenance and eventual disposal and recycling. Raising the awareness of all those involved is vital. A sustainable housing development should have: †¢ Warm, dry, healthy, adaptable homes †¢ Environmentally friendly and energy-efficient buildings †¢ Access to employment, schools, shops, places of entertainment, primary health care †¢ reduced the need to travel (by car) and is accessible by public transport †¢ A mix of tenures, incomes and age groups †¢ A setting which enhances the quality of life from one generation to another and integrates people into wider society so that people want to live there †¢ Aesthetic qualities which can be enhanced by community art. Conclusion, The quality of housing and our surrounding environments have considerable social and cost implications. An adequate supply of housing (good standard and cost) is perhaps the most cost-effective form of infrastructure that can be provided. Housing standards have implications for health standards, levels of criminal activity and degrees of educational attainment. If the supply or quality of housing is inadequate, there are inevitably heavy cost implications for the providers of social services, often in the form of irrationally expensive emergency solutions such as bed and breakfast accommodation. The private sector has proved very successful in working in partnership with local authorities and housing associations to bring very large housing and regeneration projects in different areas. Government should continue to encourage private sector participation and investors towards achieving sustainable housing and also invest more funds in housing as shortage of fund is sometimes a limiting factor. A great degree in the application of planning policy coupled with government measures to promote long term investment in housing will help to provide stable conditions required for the housing industry to respond to the scale of housing shortages. Government should insist on the comprehensive use of environmental and design quality assessment tools for all buildings on post-completion and post-occupancy evaluations for all new and refurbished public buildings. This is the only way to drive continuous improvement. Legislation, policy and guidance need to be clearer and more consistent. Strategy and policy on sustainable development, planning, energy, climate change, waste, water, food, landscape character, need to be mutually reinforcing and obvious conflicts resolved so that policies join up rather than appear at odds with each other. Many local authorities are developing climate change strategies and action plans but implementation varies greatly. There should be greater emphasis on linking core spatial planning strategies with climate change strategies to ensure mutual reinforcement of objectives and targets. These need to be backed up by sound technical implementation, delivery and evaluation. Public bodies should establish baseline data on their carbon and ecological footprints as the norm and build in organisational capacity to reduce them. The European Commission and the UK government should require multinational construction companies to report on their sustainability performance to ensure transparency and to foster a culture of benchmarking. References; Directions in Housing Policy: Towards Sustainable Housing Policies for the UK  By PeterWilliams,A. E. Holmans accessed via;http://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=pfp_sdl12MsCoi=fndpg=PR7dq=sustainable+housingots=AOWzbJiZ9hsig=obSv0RTyjIK2E96EQ4tSofO-cvs#PPA55,M1 on 16/11/2007 Scottish Executive (2006) Changing our Ways: Scotlands Climate Change Programme (LINK) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/Climate-Change/16327/4825 on 17/11/07 Scottish Homes (2001) Housing for Varying Needs Parts 1 and 2 (LINK) http://www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/menu/bycs.htm 19/11/07 Scottish Executive (2005) Choosing Our Future Chapter 12 (LINK) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/SustainableDevelopment 17/11/07 Scottish Executive (2006) People and Place: Regeneration Policy Statement (LINK) http://www.scotland. Assessed 1/12/07 http://www.cabe.org.uk/AssetLibrary/10661.pdf assessed on 1/12/07 ( Garvin Chinniah, Kim Hoffman, and Kate Pasquale 2007. lecture notes for sustainable housing for BENVGTC5, sustainable urban development u.c.l seen on u.c.l. moodle on 29/11/07) (Evening standard, Monday 12 November 2007, Page 9, www.standard.co.uk). (B. Edger and J. Taylor, 2000, housing in P Roberts and H Sykes (eds.), Urban Regeneration a Handbook, London: Sage, pg 157) (P Roberts and H Sykes (eds.) 2005, Urban Regeneration a Handbook, SAGE Publications

Advanced Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation For Neurological Patients Physical Education Essay

Advanced Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation For Neurological Patients Physical Education Essay Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) consists of patterns and techniques used for stimulating the humans proprioceptors to promote neuromuscular system response (1) PNF techniques: PNF techniques, aims, and principle: The first PNF technique is timing for emphasis, whose aim to strength and improve endurance in weak muscle groups, correct muscle imbalance, and increase ROM. This technique is based on the principle of using strong component to facilitate movement on the weaker component normal timing from distal to proximal, but the pattern can be altered by doing what the patient needs. Second PNF technique is hold-relax, aims to achieve relaxation, and increase ROM if pain is present. Based on the principle of moving the joint actively or passively to the limited range, then provides isometric contraction to the opposite pattern muscles with maximum resistance. Followed by relaxation and move toward the limited direction actively or passively depending on the condition, then repeat it in the new ROM. The thired technique is contract-relax, which targets to increase ROM, and its based on the principle of starting with isotonic contraction of the rotation component, followed by the isometric contra ction for weak muscle. Slow reversals is the fourth technique, aims for weaker muscles contraction facilitation, improving coordination, and increasing endurance. Based on the principle of beginning movement at the strong component by isotonic contraction with maximal resistance immediately followed by isotonic contraction of the weak component with maximal resistance, without any relaxation. The fifth technique is repeated Contractions, its target are increasing ROM, improving strength and endurance in weak muscle group, and correct muscle imbalance. The principle used in this technique is reinforcing weak component by repeating maximal isometric contraction of the strong components of the pattern. The last technique is rhythmic stabilization. The aims of this technique are: used when movement at the joint is restricted, to strengthen muscles by co-contraction, improve circulation, improve postural stability in joints, and decrease pain. This technique is based on the principle of beginning with stability at the strong component by isometric contraction with maximum resistance followed by immediate without relaxation isometric contraction of the weak component with maximum resistance, until a co-contraction of the muscles of both component are build. The aim of using PNF techniques is to enhance functional level of movements, by facilitation, inhibition, strengthening, and relaxation of muscles. In PNF concentric, eccentric, and static contractions are used alongside with resistance. (2) These techniques are classified according to their functions: reversal antagonist, which is a general class of techniques in which the patient contracts his agonist muscles, then the antagonist, without pause or relaxation. This technique includes: dynamic reversals, stabilizing reversals, and rhythmic stabilization. Another PNF technique is rhythmic initiation which is a passive rhythmic movement of limb or body through the desired range, and progress into active rhythmic resisted movement. Combination of isotonics, which is another technique in which a combination of concentric, eccentric, and stabilizing contractions are used for specific muscle groups (e.g. agonist) without relaxation, and it starts at the patients maximum strength or best co ordination. Another technique is repeated stretch, also known as repeated contractions; its applied in two ways: either repeated stretch from the beginning of the range or repeated stretch through the range. Contract-relax and hold-relax, these two techniques either used as direct or indirect treatment. The last PNF technique is replication, which facilitates motor learning of functional activities. (2) Normal motor activities: In normal individuals, the developmental sequence of motor activities are varied, unified , and interrelated. The normal individual learns in his childhood to roll from supine to prone and vies versa, then sitting,etc. There is a variation of motor activities in the performance and sequence of these activities. The use of developmental sequence of motor activities is like when a person lays on a beach and senses danger, and then automatically rolls away into prone then sitting, then scrambles to his feet and runs, these actions serve his need the best, and these reactions are from birth and the people used them according to their needs. (1) PNF principles: The principles of PNF are: reflex mechanism, restoration of motor abilities, repetition of coordinated movements, and developmental sequence processes. In reflex mechanism, which helps to enhance movement and posture by using the coordination of the visual-motor mechanism and the auditory-motor mechanism. While during restoration of motor abilities, PNF patterns and techniques are used to provide suitable sensory cues, to enhance motor learning and abilities. Repetition of coordinated movements is used to increase strength and endurance, and adjusts the coordinated movements by the use of graded resistance. The last principle is developmental sequence process, which uses a sequence of training from proximal-to-distal and general-to-specific pattern. In these principles, PNF patterns and techniques are precisely applied to developmental activities by using techniques based on isotonic contractions for improving movement and isometric contractions for improving stability. (1) Developmental sequence: In the developmental sequence the physical therapist uses the progression of primitive movements and postures for more advanced movements and postures. The therapist also uses progression from general-to-specific pattern, specific movement to change positions and postures, eye-head coordination to enhance movements. In addition, this developmental sequence provides total pattern of movements, which includes head, neck, trunk, and four extremities, in various relations like ipsilateral, bilateral symmetrical, bilateral asymmetrical, and reciprocal, in which certain segments move while others adjust to the movement. And this sequence promote the patients ability to contract muscle isotonically during movements and isometrically during balance activities, and also enhance the transition from isometric to isotonic contraction. From this we find that PNF restore motor function in a person with a disability, by using variety of principles, patterns, and techniques used in Mat activities to enhance movement, self-care, and independence. (1) Body of knowledge: Mat activities: Mat activities involves all principles of PNF, these activities include both stability and movement, which could be single or combined complex movements. To vary the effect of reflexes or gravity on the body, mat activities done in various positions which are chosen by the physical therapist to control abnormal movements. Its better to begin with strong and pain free movements, because it focuses on irradiation from strong parts of movements to facilitate achieving the desired movements. (2) Also the use of diagonal movements involve greater number of muscle groups or movements (1). Any chosen mat activity is broken down into parts. In such treatment, the progression is by using weight bearing activities involving more extremities. (2) Activities practiced on the mat teach the patient: mobility which is moving in the position, stability which is maintaining balance in the position, skill which combines mobility with stability or in transition. And the condition of the patient determines whether to start with any of these. (2) Basic procedures used in these activities to promote patients working capacity with minimum fatigue are: approximation to enhance stabilization and balance, traction and stretch to increase patients ability movements, grips and proper body position in which the physical therapist guides patients movement, resistance to enhance and reinforce movements, and it includes graded resistance which strengthen the weaker movements, and resisting strong movement for irradiation to the weaker movements. Another basic procedures are: timing for emphasis which use strong movements to exercise the weaker ones, and patterns to enhance functional activities performance. (2) All of the previous techniques, pat terns, and basic procedures are used in mat activities, as follow: for stability, stabilizing reversals and rhythmic stabilization are used. While for mobility, combination of isotonics, rhythmic initiation, dynamic reversals, and repeated stretch are used. And for Skill, a combination of moving and stabilizing techniques are used.(2) The advantages of mat activities are: safe for people who fear to fall, performing activities without limitations, well-distributed balance, and postural reactions and reflexes are induced more effectively. (1) The activities: Mat characteristics: The characteristics that should be in a mat used for activities are firm, smooth, comfortable, protect patient from abrasions and stress, large enough to accommodate both the therapist and the patient, and the size is 6 feet for adult, and 4 feet for child(1) Rolling: The first mat activity practiced with a neurological patient is rolling, which is divided into two parts: the first part is rolling to mid-position, which is a concentric action of flexor chain, and the other part is from mid-position to the end and it is an eccentric action of the extensor chain. For facilitating rolling, the therapist can use different combination of scapula, pelvis, neck, or extremities pattern. Figure XX Rolling facilitation by Head Rolling facilitation by Scapula: First facilitating rolling by scapula, if the therapist resists anterior pattern of scapula, this will facilitate forward rolling, while resisting posterior pattern of scapula, facilitate backward rolling. The patient can also facilitates rolling by moving his head in the same direction of rolling. The given commands for rolling with scapular anterior depression eg. For left :pull your shoulder toward your opposite(right) hip, lift your head, pull your left arm down and across, pull your foot up and across, then roll. While commands given for rolling backward with posterior elevation:push back. In order to start, the therapist should stretches the scapula in the elongated range, and continue this diagonal movement until trunk muscles stretch. After that, the therapist applies resistance to initial scapular contraction until the contraction of trunk muscles is felt, then allows it to move. Locking scapula at the end of the range by applying more resistance with either approximation or traction. Types of scapular patterns in rolling are: Anterior elevation, in which the patient rolls forward with trunk extension and rotation, and it facilitated by neck extension and rotation in the rolling direction. Posterior elevation, in which the patient rolls backward with Figure XXX Rolling facilitation by Scapula trunk extension, and facilitated by neck extension in the rolling direction. Posterior depression, the patient perform a backward roll, with trunk extension, lateral flexion, and rotation, and facilitated by neck lateral flexion and full rotation in the rolling direction. And anterior depression, in which the patient rolls forward with trunk flexion, and facilitated by neck flexion in the rolling direction.(2) Rolling facilitation by Pelvis: Second, Pelvic facilitation in rolling, the resistance applied to anterior pattern of pelvis facilitate forward rolling, while resistance to posterior pattern of pelvis facilitate backward rolling. The patient can flex the neck to facilitate forward roll, and extend the neck for backward roll. Commands for the patient when rolling forward with anterior elevation: pull your pelvis up and roll forward, while when rolling backward roll with posterior depression: sit down into my hand and roll back. The therapist places the pelvis in the elongated range and continue this diagonal movement until trunk muscles stretch. Therapist resists initial pelvic contraction until he/she feels contraction of the desired trunk muscles, then allows it to move. In order to lock the pelvis at the end of the range, the therapist must apply more resistance with either approximation or traction. Types of pelvic patterns used in rolling are: Anterior elevation, in which the patient rolls forward with trunk flexion, flexes the neck for facilitation. Posterior elevation, in which backward rolling is performed with trunk lateral shortening, and facilitated by ipsilateral neck rotation. Posterior depression, in which the patient rolls backward with trunk extension, and extends the neck for facilitation. And anterior depression, in which the patient rolls forward with trunk extension and rotation, the facilitation in this pattern is neck extension and rotation in the rolling direction.(2) Rolling facilitation by scapula and pelvic patterns combination: Combining scapular and pelvic patterns can facilitate rolling, by performing pelvic anterior elevation and scapular anterior depression for forward rolling, while performing pelvic posterior depression and scapular posterior elevation backward roll .(2) Figure XXX Rolling facilitation by pelvis Rolling facilitation by upper extremities In upper extremities facilitation in rolling, trunk muscles should be strengthen in order to facilitate, by combining strong arm muscles with scapular patterns. Adduction patterns used to facilitate forward rolling, while abduction patterns used to facilitate backward rolling. Also, head movements with the arm used for facilitation. Irradiation into trunk muscles, by resisting strong muscles of elbow. In order to facilitate upper extremities, the distal grip of the therapist is placed on patients hand or distal forearm to control the whole extremity. However, the therapist proximal grip is on or near patients scapula, which is more effective for guidance and resistance of the patients head movements. Forward rolling commands with extension-adduction pattern:squeeze my hand and pull your arm down to your opposite hip, lift your head, then roll. For backward roll with flexion-abduction pattern:wrist back, lift your arm up follow your hand with your eyes, then roll back. Figure XXX Rolling facilitation by pelvis To start rolling, the therapist needs to stretch the arm and scapular muscles of the patient, and puts the arm in the elongated range and then tract. Sustaining this diagonal movement and traction, until synergistic trunk muscles stretch and maintain initial arm movements, until the therapist feels contraction of the trunk muscles, then allows it to move. Locking of upper extremities can be at any strong point in ROM. To lock the arm at end of the range, is by applying approximation with resistance to rotation. Types of rolling using one arm are: Forward roll with trunk-extension, lateral flexion and rotation, facilitated by neck extension and rotation in rolling direction, and the patterns used are flexion-adduction-external rotation and ulnar thrust pattern. Backward roll with trunk-extension, lateral flexion and rotation, which is facilitated by neck lateral flexion and full rotation in the rolling direction, and the patterns used are extension-abduction-internal rotation and ulnar withdrawal pattern. Forward roll with trunk-flexion, facilitated by neck flexion in the rolling direction, and the patterns used are extension-adduction-internal rotation and radial thrust pattern. And backward roll with trunk-extension, facilitated by neck extension in the rolling direction, and the patterns used are flexion-abduction.(2) Rolling facilitation by U.L bilateral combination: Bilateral combination used in upper extremities rolling facilitation are: Forward roll with trunk flexion, which is Chopping and Reverse of Chopping. And backward roll with trunk extension, which is Lifting. (2) Figure XXXX Rolling facilitation by U.L bilateral combination Rolling facilitation by lower extremities: In the facilitation of lower extremities in rolling, combining strong leg muscles with pelvic patterns are used for facilitation and strengthen trunk muscles. Flexion patterns of lower limbs facilitate forward rolling and extension patterns facilitate backward rolling. Irradiation into trunk muscles by resisting strong muscles of the knee. Head moves in flexion to facilitate forward roll and in extension for backward roll. Physical therapist distal grip is placed on the patients foot to control the whole extremity. It will be more effective activity, if the knee movements are resisted. And the proximal grip of the therapist is on patients thigh or pelvis, in flexion-abduction the proximal hand on contralateral iliac crest to facilitate trunk flexion. Commands given for forward roll with flexion-abduction pattern:foot up, pull your leg up and out, then roll away. And for backward roll with extension-adduction pattern:push your foot down, kick your leg back, then roll back toward me. Figure XXXX Rolling facilitation by U.L bilateral combination Starting position for this rolling is to stretch the leg and lower trunk muscles, and putting the leg in the elongated range of pattern and apply traction. And this movement is maintained until the therapist feels contraction of trunk muscles, then allows it to move. The locking can be at any strong point in ROM. Types of rolling with one leg are: Flexion-adduction, for rolling forward with trunk flexion. Extension-abduction, for rolling back with trunk extension and elongation. Flexion-abduction, for rolling forward with trunk lateral flexion, flexion ,and rotation. And extension-adduction, for rolling back with trunk extension, elongation, and rotation.(2) Rolling facilitation by L.L bilateral combination: Bilateral combination of lower extremities for facilitating rolling are: Lower extremity flexion, by rolling forward with trunk flexion. And lower extremity extension, by rolling back with trunk extension. (2) Rolling facilitation by neck: The last pattern for facilitating rolling is neck patterns. These patterns are used to facilitate rolling when patient has no pain free motion or no strong movement in scapula or arm. The main force in neck flexion is traction, while in neck extension we apply gentle compression. In rolling, neck flexion is used to facilitate rolling forward from supine to side-laying, and neck extension is used to facilitate rolling back from side-laying to supine. (2) Prone-on-elbows: After achieving rolling, the next mat activity is prone-on-elbows exercise. There are three methods that enable the patient to assume this position, are: side-laying, rolling from supine-to-prone, and prone position. If any of the previous methods are against gravity, the therapist resists concentric contraction. And if it is gravity assisted, the therapist resists eccentric contraction. Figure XXXX Prone-on-elbows In order for the patient to achieve this position, the therapist should apply stabilization with approximation for scapula, and resistance in diagonal and rotatory direction is necessary. The patient must avoid trunk sag. The therapist should keep the patients head, neck, and trunk aligned, and apply gentle resistance on the head for stabilization along with rhythmic stabilization. And if the patient cant do isometric contraction, the therapist can use stabilizing reversal. When the patient is able to maintain this position, the therapist can work on improving head, neck, and shoulder, neck resisted motions which is effective, resisted arm motions to strengthen the weight-bearing arm, upper trunk rotation, and weight shifting. (2) Side-sitting: The paitent then progresses from prone-on-elbow position into side-sitting. This position involves weight-bearing on arm, leg, and trunk of one side, while the other arm is free to function, then the patient should learn mobility like scooting. Four methods to assume this position, which are: side-laying, prone-on-elbows, sitting, and quadruped. The physical therapist in this position, can work on activities of balance, like upper extremity weight-bearing exercises , and scapular and pelvic reciprocal motions, in which the movements of this combination promotes trunk mobility, and stabilizing contraction of this combination promotes trunk stability. Activities of mobility in this position are: scooting, moving to sitting, to prone on elbows, and to quadruped position. (2) Quadruped: The other mat activity that follows side-sitting is quadruped. In this position the patient will be able to exercise trunk, hips, knees, and shoulder, using isotonics and dynamic reversals. Also the patient will be able to move from one place to another. The physical therapist makes sure that the patient has strong scapular muscles to support the weight of upper trunk. Patient with spinal pain or has stabilization problems, can practice activities in this position, but the therapist must be assertive of absence of pain in knee joint. The patient can assume this position by two methods, are: prone-on-elbows, and side-sitting. In quadruped position, the therapist can works on activities of balance, by using stabilizing reversal and rhythmic stabilization techniques, for balance and stabilization of the trunk and extremity joints. Also the therapist can work on rocking forward and backward, by using combination of resistance, isotonics, and dynamic reversals. Crawling can be practiced i n this position, by applying resistance on scapula, pelvis, neck, arms, and legs movements, in order to enhance patients skill. (2) Figure XXX Facilitation to Quadruped Kneeling: In this position the patient will be able to exercise trunk, hips, and knees, while arms are free and used for support, able to move from one place to another, and moves from kneeling to standing. For patients who have knee pain and cant assume this position, they can work in kneeling down. Kneeling will help to promote the strength, coordination, and ROM of hips and knees, by exercise moving between kneeling and side-sitting, and by combining isotonics contractions for concentric and eccentric muscles. To assume this position, is by three methods, are: side-sitting, kneeling-down, quadruped position. Activities that can be practiced in this position are: balance activities such as, scapula and head motions resistance, using stability reversals and rhythmic stabilization techniques to promote trunk strengthen and stability. Other balance activities are resistance to: pelvic motion, pelvis and scapula motions, trunk and head motion, and resisting arm movement when sitting of the heels . Another activity, which can be practiced in this position is walking on the knees forward, backward, and sideways. (2) Half-Kneeling: This mat activity is where the patient can go to standing position. There are two methods to assume this position: kneeling and standing. The physical therapist can work on activities of balance, such as: strengthening trunk and lower extremity muscles, by using stabilizing and moving techniques. Activities of weight shifting over back leg with trunk elongation, this activity challenge patients balance, coordination, ROM, and strength. Activities of shifting weight to front leg, which increase DF ROM. And standing up as the last activity. (2) Sit-to-stand: In order for the patient to stand up from a chair, he or she should moves forward in the chair, stand up, get his or her balance in standing. The patient should be able to rise from sitting on surfaces of different heights. Sit-to-stand is divided into two parts. The first part which involves flexion of head, neck, and trunk, pelvic anterior tilt, and knee extension with forward movement over the base of support. The second part of this activity is backward movement toward a vertical position characterized by extension of head, neck, and trunk, posterior pelvic tilt, and the knees go into extension and backward movement as the trunk comes over the base of support. Commands given for a patient standing up from the floor: pull yourself forward, and push with your right foot. Now push with both feet, lift your head to the left, stand up. Hold, now pull your left foot forward and step on it. In this activity the therapist holds the patients iliac crests in order to increase the patients ability in standing up. Then the therapist rocks the pelvis by rhythmic initiation and stretches it into posterior tilt, and resists or assists as it moves into anterior tilt. Rhythmic initiation is used enable the patient to place his or her hands on bars or chairs arm, and stabilizing contractions and combination of isotonics are used to enable the patient to assist with their arms. When the patient is moving toward standing, the therapist should assist his or her pelvis by guiding it through anterior tilt. Resistance is applied to the movement that the patient is capable of doing it without help. In the time the patient stands with upright posture, the therapist moves the pelvic into the appropriate degree of posterior tilt. For promoting weight bearing, approximation is done through the pelvic. (2 1) 2.2.9 Standing: This position is considered to be the first stage in walking and a form of functional activity. In standing the therapist should stand in a diagonal plane in front of the leg that initially will receive the patients weight. Commands given in this activity:Hold, dont let me pull your head forward, dont let me push your hip back. Hold, dont let me turn you to the other side. Hold dont let me pull you forward. Accepting the patients body weight on his or her lower limb, is fulfilled by combining approximation through the pelvis on the strong side with stabilizing resistance at the pelvis. For the weaker side, the therapist uses the same techniques in addition to blocking the knee. Then the therapist stabilizes lower trunk and legs by combining approximation and stabilizing reversals at the pelvis. The same techniques directed at the shoulders used to stabilize upper and lower trunk. When using combination of isotonics with small motions or stabilizing reversals, it will resist balance in all directions, and itll work on stabilizing the head, shoulders, pelvis, and their combinations. . (21) Conclusion: In conclusion, deficient neuromuscular mechanism leads to limited response due to faulty development, trauma, or disease of the nervous or musculoskeletal systems. As we know, PNF is related to normal response of the neuromuscular mechanism, which enables it to widen the range of motor activities within the limitations of anatomical structure, developmental level, and inherent and previously learned neuromuscular response. By using various combinations, patterns, and techniques of PNF, the patient will be able to regain and restore his or her previous functional level. Refrences: 1. Voss, Dorothy E., Ionta, Marjorie K., Myers, Beverly J. (1968). Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation: patterns and techniques. Philadelphia : Harper and Row. 2. Adler, Susan S., Beckers, Dominiek, Buck, Math. (2003). PNF in Practice: an illustrated guide. Germany: Springer. Content Page Content page Introduction 2 Background about PNF 2 PNF techniques 2 Normal motor activities 4 PNF principles 4 Developmental sequence 5 Body of knowledge 6 Mat activities 6 The activities 7 Mat characteristics 7 Rolling 7 Rolling facilitation by Scapula 9 Rolling facilitation by Pelvis 11 Rolling facilitation by scapula and pelvic patterns combination 11 Rolling facilitation by upper extremities 12 Rolling facilitation by U.L bilateral combination 15 Rolling facilitation by lower extremities 16 Rolling facilitation by L.L bilateral combination 17 Rolling facilitation by neck 17 Prone-on-elbows 18 Side-sitting 19 Quadruped 20 Kneeling 21 Half-Kneeling 23 Sit-to-stand 24 Standing 25 Conclusion 26

Kristina Laycock ICT and My Everyday Life :: ICT Essays

This report is going to be based on the different technologies I use at home, at school, with friends and at work. I am going to evaluate the extent of my needs for these technologies. Below is a list of the technologies I use at home, school and work: Home School Work Internet Internet Touch Screen Email Mobile Telephone Mobile Telephone SMS (Simple Message Service) Smart Boards SMS (Simple Message Service) WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) Lap top Mobile Telephone Email DVD’s SMS (Simple Message Service) Teletext PDA’s (Personal Digital Assistants) The Internet: I use the Internet to communicate with friends and family at home by visiting chat rooms on-line, it is very efficient and is cheaper than a phone call. I don’t just use the Internet for social reasons; I use it for schoolwork and coursework. The Internet helps adults as well as children; you can do research on just about anything by using search engines. I also use the Internet for revision there are many different sites you can visit that helps you with last minute revision. Email: emailing is another good way of communicating with people and having a laugh. I use my email account to contact teachers as well as friends to get some revision work sent to me, when I am not at school or during the holidays. I also use it to get coursework marked, it saves the waste of paper – I just print off the finishing copy! Mobile telephones: mobile telephones are a way of contacting family and friends when you are out and about; they are also great if you need to contact someone in an emergency, i.e. emergency services. However, there are a few disadvantages with mobile telephones; in certain areas (on top of hills, under bridges etc) you can loose reception on your mobile telephone, which means you are unable to make or receive calls. Also you have to make sure the battery is charged, because if it is not your mobile will go dead and therefore you will be unable to use it. I use my mobile constantly to make arrangements with friends and to keep in touch with family; I don’t know what I would do without it. My mobile also comes in use when I am at work on a weekend; I use it to contact my mum to tell her what time I need picking up. I also use it to keep in contact with my boss so she can tell me if she wants me to work extra hours or if I don’t need to work. SMS (Simple Messaging Service): SMS is a cost efficient service set up so the public can communicate with each other through text.

Herzbergs Theory of Motivation and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs :: Papers Maslow Herzberg Essays Business

Herzberg's Theory of Motivation and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Mentioned Tables Not Included Among various behavioral theories long generally believed and embraced by American business are those of Frederick Herzberg and Abraham Maslow. Herzberg, a psychologist, proposed a theory about job factors that motivate employees. Maslow, a behavioral scientist and contemporary of Herzberg's, developed a theory about the rank and satisfaction of various human needs and how people pursue these needs. These theories are widely cited in the business literature. In the education profession, however, researchers in the '80s raised questions about the applicability of Maslow's and Herzberg's theories to elementary and secondary school teachers: Do educators, in fact, fit the profiles of the average business employee? That is, do teachers (1) respond to the same motivators that Herzberg associated with employees in profit-making businesses and (2) have the same needs patterns as those uncovered by Maslow in his studies of business employees? HERZBERG'S THEORY OF MOTIVATORS AND HYGIENE FACTORS Herzberg (1959) constructed a two-dimensional paradigm of factors affecting people's attitudes about work. He concluded that such factors as company policy, supervision, interpersonal relations, working conditions, and salary are hygiene factors rather than motivators. According to the theory, the absence of hygiene factors can create job dissatisfaction, but their presence does not motivate or create satisfaction. In contrast, he determined from the data that the motivators were elements that enriched a person's job; he found five factors in particular that were strong determiners of job satisfaction: achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, and advancement. These motivators (satisfiers) were associated with long-term positive effects in job performance while the hygiene factors (dissatisfiers) consistently produced only short-term changes in job attitudes and performance, which quickly fell back to its previous level. In summary, satisfiers describe a person's relationship with what she or he does, many related to the tasks being performed. Dissatisfiers, on the other hand, have to do with a person' relationship to the context or environment in which she or he performs the job.

Vittorio de Sicas The Bicycle Thief Essay -- Movies Film Bicycle Thie

Vittorio de Sica's The Bicycle Thief Since the beginning of its existence as a country, Italy has faced enormous challenges in establishing itself as a unified political and social entity. The geographic, economic, and linguistic differences between its various regions and the artificial manner in which they were amalgamated created a legacy of internal divisions that continues to dominate the country's political climate to this day. Italy's numerous historical fiascoes, such as its disastrous involvement in the two World Wars and the rise of fascism, further escalated the domestic problems that had haunted it since the Risorgimento. At first, the anti-fascist Resistance movement, which dominated the end of World War II, seemed to bring Italy a ray of hope, promising a new era of freedom, reform, and democratic representation. However, this hope was quickly extinguished, as widespread poverty, government corruption, and deep divisions between regions and classes persisted and no true social reform was attained. These ha rsh conditions were depicted by a group of Italian film directors whose neorealist works have since been celebrated as masterpieces of world cinema. One of the most prominent of these is Vittorio De Sica's The Bicycle Thief. This 1948 film discusses the prevalent themes dominating Italy's social and political history, within the context of the unsettlingly poor post-War urban proletariat. Among the most prominent motifs in Italian politics since the Risorgimento has been a tendency for quasi-action (inaction disguised as action), in the form of transformismo and attendismo. The first of these terms refers to the practice of "assuring the government of an adequate majority in parliament either by a prelimina... ...ial failure. This somber conclusion of the film seems to be an expression of hopelessness for Italy's future. By 1948, the country had gone through a series of tumultuous historical events, caused by the inadequacy of its political and economic system. The disillusionment of its citizens with the system and in fact with the very concept of their nation was taken to its limits by yet another failure to achieve true social change after World War II. The transformismo of the Christian Democrats and the attendismo of the Communists offered no hope for Italians, appearing as just another stage in the country's endless cycle of political and social failure. The Bicycle Thief is a portrait of Italy's collective consciousness, haunted by its disturbing past and disillusioned towards its future. Works Cited; URL:http://www.film.queensu.ca/Critical/Bonikowski.html Vittorio de Sica's The Bicycle Thief Essay -- Movies Film Bicycle Thie Vittorio de Sica's The Bicycle Thief Since the beginning of its existence as a country, Italy has faced enormous challenges in establishing itself as a unified political and social entity. The geographic, economic, and linguistic differences between its various regions and the artificial manner in which they were amalgamated created a legacy of internal divisions that continues to dominate the country's political climate to this day. Italy's numerous historical fiascoes, such as its disastrous involvement in the two World Wars and the rise of fascism, further escalated the domestic problems that had haunted it since the Risorgimento. At first, the anti-fascist Resistance movement, which dominated the end of World War II, seemed to bring Italy a ray of hope, promising a new era of freedom, reform, and democratic representation. However, this hope was quickly extinguished, as widespread poverty, government corruption, and deep divisions between regions and classes persisted and no true social reform was attained. These ha rsh conditions were depicted by a group of Italian film directors whose neorealist works have since been celebrated as masterpieces of world cinema. One of the most prominent of these is Vittorio De Sica's The Bicycle Thief. This 1948 film discusses the prevalent themes dominating Italy's social and political history, within the context of the unsettlingly poor post-War urban proletariat. Among the most prominent motifs in Italian politics since the Risorgimento has been a tendency for quasi-action (inaction disguised as action), in the form of transformismo and attendismo. The first of these terms refers to the practice of "assuring the government of an adequate majority in parliament either by a prelimina... ...ial failure. This somber conclusion of the film seems to be an expression of hopelessness for Italy's future. By 1948, the country had gone through a series of tumultuous historical events, caused by the inadequacy of its political and economic system. The disillusionment of its citizens with the system and in fact with the very concept of their nation was taken to its limits by yet another failure to achieve true social change after World War II. The transformismo of the Christian Democrats and the attendismo of the Communists offered no hope for Italians, appearing as just another stage in the country's endless cycle of political and social failure. The Bicycle Thief is a portrait of Italy's collective consciousness, haunted by its disturbing past and disillusioned towards its future. Works Cited; URL:http://www.film.queensu.ca/Critical/Bonikowski.html

Hoaxes: Deception and Cardiff Giant

Hoaxes What is a Hoax? A hoax is something that is intended to deceive you or better described as a theory. They are many hoaxes in the world that have been developed over time. The two I have decided to tell you about are in the top 10 famous hoaxes in the world. These two are the Cardiff Giant and then the Cottingley Fairies. As you will out while you continue to read is both of these came out not to be completely true. George Hull who was a tobacconist created the hoax, Cardiff Giant. â€Å"He decided to create the giant after an argument at a Methodist meeting about a passage stating there were giants that once lived on the earth. The men he hired to carve the man, were instructed to make it long out of gypsum. Edward Burghardt was hired by Hull to carve the stone into a man and not tell anyone. To make the stone man look old and weathered, they used many stains and acids. By the time he was transported to a farm the United States has already spent 2,600 dollars trying to figure out the hoax, this was in 1868. In almost 1869, two men dug up a well and discovered the giant. One of the reporters said, â€Å"I declare some old indian has been buried here! Later some guy set up a tent and charged 25 cents for people who wanted to see the giant. Hull later sold his interest for 23,000 dollars to a man with the name of David Hannum. They moved it to Sycacuse, New York for an exhibit. It was so popular that a man named P. T. Barnum offered 50,000 dollars for the giant; he was turned down. He later hired a man to model the giants shape and cover it in wax and created a plaster replica. The replica was put on display at New York and claimed that it was real and the other one was fake.Barnum got sued by Hannum for calling his giant fake. Barnum got sued by Hannum for calling his giant fake. Hull eventually confessed to the press on December 10. On February 2, 1870, both of the giants were revealed in the court as being, fake. Barnum was ruled by the judge that he c ouldn’t be sued. The story of Cottingley Fairies is based off of a series of five pictures that were taken by Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths. Elsie borrowed her dad’s 25 cent camera one day and toke pictures behind the family house. As Mr.Wright was developing the pictures, he saw fairies in them, but he said they were, fake. She was banned from taking anymore pictures, but her mom, Polly, was convinced they were real. In the summer of 1919, the whole situation became public and an author wrote an article saying these fairies were real. The next fifty years od there life was spent avoiding the public and is particular hoax continued to be believed by a lot of people. Frances and Elsie both admitted when they were about to die that the first four that were taken was fake, but the fifth photo was, authentic.

Tonys essay

Social Medal Marketing In this day and age, societal media can be an extremely boosterful tool for loose advertising and building a node base. It is tremendously important for companies, especi each(prenominal)y sm totallyer companies that do not involve the biggest cypher for big measure marketing. With the way order works today, friendly media is one of the close to powerful and influential tools companies guide available.With turn out the persona of social media, companies would eve a injustice in gaining clientele on the internet. make up if raft have never hear of the family, if their friends on social media sites comment or akin their rapscallion, consequently they can then be exposed to the company as well. A company that I survive has benefited greatly from the use of social media Is Barras Tickets. It Is the company that I work for and It Is a full-of-the-moon service ticket agency that sells tickets for all concerts, sports, and theatre nationwide.Bein g a large ticket broker, we are more well-k like a shotn than the middling ticket agency, however, that does to mean we have the reckon available to have commercials playing all the time. Social media advertising has been one of our sterling(prenominal) assets. We have a department that dedicates their time to making posts and tenderizeing specials to all social media followers. We use Instating, Twitter, Faceable, and Google Plus. These sites are used to permit heap know when big shows have gone on sale, when big games or shows are coming up, or to offer discounts to our loyal followers.Contests are run oft where ere tickets are given away in order to attract more mickle to our social media sites. They spend hours figuring out algorithms to understand how a like or a comment will or a share will help sales In the company. They have judge out that comments on Faceable, tags and washrags on Instating, and washrags on Instating give us the greatest opportunities to visualize potential customers. For the Faceable giveaways, mess have to like and comment on the posts. These likes and comments allow the friends of the people who have want the posts to see this.This gives our page more visits because everyone loves free stuff. They are intrigued and have to see what the offer is and that posits traffic to our website. With Instating, virtually of the contests involve liking and tagging five friends. On Instating, they have the page that allows you to see what the people you are following have liked and what your friends have been tagged in. When people do this, it take ons more and more people to our Instating, create more people to follow, and in the coarse run, also bringing traffic to the website.Even though social media obviously does not get 100% percent of potential customers to grease ones palms your product, It can help In so many ways. It allows for hundreds, thousands, and potentially even hundreds of thousands of extra eyes on your prod ucts, which In turn, could bring Incredible amounts of people to your site. The power that social media holds is immense. It takes the old word of mouth grapheme people that you verbally talk to, now you can share your thoughts about companies with people you havent actually spoken to in years.